security element, value document, manufacturing method for a security element, embossing tool and us

专利摘要:
security element, value document, manufacturing method for a security element, embossing tool and use of a security element. the present invention relates to a security element (1) for a security paper, document of value or similar, having a vehicle (8) that has a surface area (3) that is divided into a multiplicity of pixels ( 4) which comprise, respectively, at least one optically active facet (5), so that most pixels (4) have, respectively, several of the optically active facets (5) of identical orientation per pixel (4), and the facets (5) are so oriented that the surface area (3) is perceptible to an observer as an area that stands out and / or decreases in relation to its current spatial shape.
公开号:BR112012013451B1
申请号:R112012013451
申请日:2010-12-03
公开日:2019-12-17
发明作者:Rauch Andreas；Fuhse Christian；Rahm Michael；Kaule Wittich
申请人:Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh；Giesecke Devrient Currency Tech Gmbh；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

“SECURITY ELEMENT, VALUE DOCUMENT, MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR A SECURITY ELEMENT, RELIEF RECORDING TOOL AND USE OF A SECURITY ELEMENT”.
[0001] The present invention relates to a security element for a security role, document of value or the like, to a document of value having such a security element, and to a method for manufacturing such a security element.
[0002] Objects to be protected are often equipped with a security element which allows verification of the object's authenticity and at the same time serves as protection against unauthorized reproduction.
[0003] Objects to be protected are, for example, security papers, identity documents and documents of value (such as, for example, bank notes, chip cards, passports, identification cards, identity cards, shares, investment titles, deeds, coupons, checks, entrance tickets, credit cards, health cards, etc.) as well as product authentication elements, such as, for example, labels, stamps, packaging, etc.
[0004] A technology that diffuses particularly in the field of security elements and gives a practically flat sheet a three-dimensional appearance, involves various forms of holography. However, such technologies have some disadvantages for using a security feature, particularly on bank notes. On the one hand, the quality of the three-dimensional representation of a hologram depends heavily on the lighting conditions. Hologram representations are often difficult to recognize, particularly in diffuse lighting. In addition, holograms have the disadvantage that they are, however, present in many places in everyday life and therefore their special position as a security feature is disappearing.
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2/43 [0005] Based on these premises, the invention is based on the objective of avoiding the disadvantages of the prior art and in particular to provide a security element for a security paper, document of value or similar that achieves a good three-dimensional appearance to the the same time as an extremely flat configuration of the security element.
[0006] According to the invention, this objective is achieved by a security element for a security paper, document of value or similar, having a vehicle that has a surface area that is divided into a multiplicity of pixels that respectively comprise at least one optically active facet, so most pixels respectively have several optically active facets of identical orientation per pixel, and the facets are then oriented so that the surface area is perceived by an observer as an area that stands out and / or decreases in relation to its current spatial shape.
[0007] This makes it possible to provide an extremely flat security element, in which, for example, the maximum height of the facets is not greater than 10 pm, but which produces a very good three-dimensional impression upon visualization. Therefore, it is possible to simulate for the observer an area of extremely prominent appearance by means of a flat surface area (macroscopically). It is basically possible to produce arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional configurations of the perceptible area in this way. Therefore, three-dimensional portraits, objects, motifs or other objects can be simulated. The three-dimensional impression here is always relative to the current spatial shape of the surface area. Thus, the surface area can be flat or also curved. However, a three-dimensional appearance relative to this form of base area is always obtained, so that to an observer the surface area then does not appear flat or curved in the same way as the surface area itself.
[0008] The perceptible surface area as the protruding and / or low area means here in particular that the surface area is perceptible as a
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3/43 area continuously protruding. Thus, the surface area can be perceived, for example, as an area with an apparent volume that deviates from the current curvature or spatial shape of the surface area. With the safety element of the invention, a protruding surface can therefore be imitated, for example, by simulating the corresponding reflection behavior.
[0009] The surface area is in particular a contiguous surface area. However, the surface area may also have cracks or comprise non-contiguous partial regions. In this way, the surface area can be interwoven with other safety features. The other security features may involve, for example, a true color hologram, so that an observer can perceive together the true color hologram and the protruding and / or low area provided by the surface area of the invention.
[0010] The orientation of the facets is chosen in particular such that the surface area is perceptible to an observer as a non-flat area.
[0011] Most pixels that have several of the optically active facets of identical orientation per pixel, respectively, can be 51% of the pixel number. However, it is also possible that the majority is greater than 60%, 70%, 80% or in particular greater than 90% of the pixel number.
[0012] Additionally, it is also possible that all pixels of the surface area respectively have several of the optically active facets of identical orientation.
[0013] Optically active facets can be configured as reflective and / or transmissive facets.
[0014] Facets can be formed on a vehicle surface. Additionally, it is possible for the facets to be formed on the upper side as well as on the lower side of the vehicle and opposite each other. In this case, the facets are preferably configured as transmissible facets with a refractive effect, so the vehicle itself is certainly also
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4/43 transparent or at least translucent. The dimensions and orientations of the facets are then chosen in particular so that an area is perceptible to an observer such that it stands out and / or diminishes in relation to the current spatial shape of the upper and / or lower face of the vehicle.
[0015] The vehicle can be configured as a layered composite. In this case, the facets are located on an interface within the layered composite. Thus, the facets can, for example, be embossed into an embossing lacquer located on a vehicle sheet, subsequently metallized, and embedded in another layer of lacquer (for example, protective lacquer or adhesive lacquer).
[0016] In particular, in the security element of the invention, the facets can be configured as recessed facets.
[0017] In particular, the optically active facets are thus configured so that the pixels have no optically diffractive effect.
[0018] The dimensions of the optically active facets can be between 1 pm and 300 pm, preferably between 3 pm and 100 pm and particularly and preferably between 5 pm and 30 pm. In particular, a substantially optical ray reflection behavior or a substantially optical ray refractive effect is preferably present.
[0019] The dimensions of the pixels are thus chosen so that the area of the pixels is smaller than the area of the surface area by at least one order of magnitude and preferably by at least two orders of magnitude. The area of the surface area and the area of the pixels are considered in particular the respective area by projecting towards the normal macroscopic surface of the surface area in a plane.
[0020] In particular, the dimensions of the pixels can be chosen such that the dimensions of the pixels in at least one direction are smaller than the dimensions of the surface area area by at least one order of magnitude and preferably at least two orders of magnitude.
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5/43 [0021] The maximum extension of a pixel is preferably between 5 pm and 5 mm, preferably between 10 pm and 300 pm, particularly and preferably between 20 pm and 100 pm. The pixel shape and / or the pixel size may vary within the security element, but they do not have to vary.
[0022] The grating period of the facets per pixel (the facets may form a periodic or aperiodic grating, for example, a sawtooth grating) is preferably between 1 pm and 300 pm or between 3 pm and 300 pm, preferably between 3 pm and 100 pm or between 5 pm and 100 pm, particularly and preferably between 5 pm and 30 pm or between 10 pm and 30 pm. The grating period is chosen in particular such that at least two facets of identical orientation are contained per pixel and that the diffraction effects play virtually no more role in terms of incident light (for example from the wavelength range from 380 nm to 750 nm). Since none, or practically no relevant diffraction effect occurs, facets can be designated as achromatic facets, or pixels as achromatic pixels, which cause directionally achromatic reflection. The security element thus has an achromatic reflectivity with respect to the railing structure present through the pixel facets.
[0023] The facets are preferably configured as elements of substantially flat area. The formulation chosen according to which the facets are configured as elements of substantially flat area takes into account the fact that, for manufacturing reasons, elements of perfectly flat area can never be manufactured in practice.
[0024] The orientation of the facets is determined in particular by its inclination and / or its azimuth angle. The orientation of the facets can of course also be determined by other parameters. In particular, the parameters in question are two mutually orthogonal parameters, such as, for example, the two components of the normal vector of the respective facet.
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6/43 [0025] Over the facets, at least in certain regions, a reflective or reflective coating (in particular a metallic or highly refractive coating) may be formed. The reflective or reflective enhancement coating may be a metallic coating that is vapor deposited, for example. As a coating material, aluminum, gold, silver, copper, palladium, chromium, nickel and / or tungsten as well as alloys thereof can be used. Alternatively, the reflective or reflective coating may be formed by coating with a material having a high refractive index.
[0026] The reflective or reflective enhancement coating can be configured in particular as a partially transmissive coating.
[0027] In an additional modality, a color changing coating can be formed on the facets at least in certain regions. The color-changing coating can be configured in particular as a thin film system or thin film interference coating. For example, a layer sequence of metal layer - dielectric layer - metal layer or a sequence of layer of three dielectric layers can be performed here, so the refractive index of the middle layer is less than the refractive index of the two other layers. As a dielectric material, for example, ZnS, SiO2, TiO2 / MgF2 can be used.
[0028] The color-changing coating can also be configured as an interference filter, thin semi-transparent metal layer with selective transmission through plasma, nanoparticle resonance effects, etc. The color-changing layer can also be made in particular as a liquid crystal layer, diffractive relief structure or wave sub-length railing. A thin film system constructed of a reflector, dielectric, absorber (formed on the facets in this order) is also possible.
[0029] The thin film system plus the veneer can be configured not only as veneer / reflector / dielectric / absorber, as described above,
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7/43 but also as a facet / absorber / dielectric / reflector. The order depends in particular on which side the security element should be viewed from. In addition, the color changing effects visible on both sides are also possible when the thin film system plus the veneer is configured, for example, as an absorber / dielectric / absorber / veneer or absorber / dielectric / reflector / dielectric / absorber / facet.
[0030] The color changing coating can be configured not only as a thin film system, but also as a layer of liquid crystal (in particular of cholesteric liquid crystal material).
[0031] If a diffuse dispersion object is to be simulated, a dispersion coating or facet surface treatment can be provided. Such a coating or treatment may disperse according to Lambert's cosine law, or it may be a diffuse reflection with an angular distribution that deviates from Lambert's cosine law. In particular, dispersion with a pronounced preferential direction is of interest here.
[0032] By making the facets by an embossing process, the embossing area of the embossing tool, with which the shape of the facets can be embossed inside the vehicle or inside the vehicle layer , can be additionally provided with a microstructure in order to produce certain effects. For example, the embossing area of the embossing tool can be provided with a rough surface, so that diffuse reflection facets appear in the final product.
[0033] In the security element of the invention at least two facets can preferably be provided per pixel. They can also be three, four, five or more facets.
[0034] In the security element of the invention, the number of facets per pixel can be chosen in particular such that a predetermined maximum facet height is not exceeded. The maximum height of the veneer can matter, for example, 20 pm or also 10 pm.
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8/43 [0035] Additionally, in the security element of the invention, the grating period of the facets can be chosen to be identical for all pixels. It is also possible, however, that individual pixels or several others have different grating periods. Additionally, it is possible that the grating period varies within one pixel and is therefore not constant. In addition, a phase information item that serves to encode other information items can also be embossed within the grating period. In particular, a verification mask can be provided having railing structures which have the same azimuth periods and angles as the facets in the security element of the invention. In a partial region of the verification mask the railings may have the same phase parameter as the security element to be verified, and in other regions a certain phase difference. When the verification mask is placed over the security element, the different regions will then appear with varying light or darkness due to the moiré effect. In particular, the verification mask can be provided on the same object to be protected as the security element of the invention.
[0036] In the security element of the invention, the surface area can be configured such that it is perceived by an observer as an imaginary area. It is understood that this means, in particular, that the safety element of the invention shows a reflective behavior that cannot be produced with a macroscopically real protruding surface. In particular, the imaginary area can be perceived as a rotating mirror that rotates the visible mirror image, for example, by 90 °.
[0037] Such an imaginary area and in particular such a rotating mirror is very easy for an observer to detect and verify.
[0038] In principle, any real bulky reflective or transmissive surface can be modified in an imaginary area through the surface area of the security element of the invention. This can be accomplished, for example, by the azimuth angles of all facets being
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9/43 modified, for example, rotated at a certain angle. This makes it possible to achieve interesting effects. For example, if all azimuth angles are rotated to the right by 45 °, the surface area is a bulky area apparently lit from the top right to an observer, when lit directly from above. If all azimuth angles are rotated by 90 °, the light reflections move by tilting in a direction perpendicular to the direction an observer would expect. This unnatural reflection behavior then, for example, also no longer makes it possible for an observer to decide whether the perceptible area when bulky is present towards the front or towards the rear (in relation to the surface area).
[0039] Additionally, the diffraction effects can be suppressed in a manner directed by aperiodic grating or the introduction of random phase parameters.
[0040] Also, it is possible to provide the facet orientations with “noise (that is, change them slightly in relation to the optimum shape for the area to be simulated), in order to simulate, for example, matte-looking surfaces. Thus, the surface area not only appears to be raised and / or low in relation to its current spatial shape, but it can also receive an exactly registered positioned texture.
[0041] In addition, the vehicle may have, in addition to the surface area, another surface area that is preferably intertwined with the surface area and in particular configured as another safety feature. Such a configuration can be designated, for example, as interlacing or as a multi-channel image. The other surface area can be divided in the same way as the surface area, into a multiplicity of pixels that comprise respectively at least one optically active facet, so that most pixels preferably have several of the optically active facets with identical orientation respectively. pixel, and the facets are thus oriented so that the other surface area is perceptible to an observer as an area that is bulky or protrudes and / or shrinks in
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10/43 to its current spatial shape. This makes it possible, for example, to make two different three-dimensional representations.
[0042] Through interlacing, the surface area can be overlaid, for example, with additional exactly recorded color information or gray scale information (combination, for example, with true color hologram or halftone image, for example) example, on the basis of wavelength sub-grids).
[0043] In addition, a phase information item can be hidden or stored in the facet layout as another security element.
[0044] In the security element of the invention, at least one facet can have on its surface a light diffusing microstructure. Several or all facets can, of course, also have such a light diffusing microstructure over the facet surface.
[0045] For example, the light diffusing microstructure can be configured as a coating. In particular, it is possible to coat the facets and employ as a filler material one with which the desired light diffusing microstructure can be realized.
[0046] With such a configuration, dispersion objects such as, for example, a marble figure, a plaster model, etc., can be simulated with the security element of the invention.
[0047] The facets can also, of course, be embedded in a colored material in order to additionally achieve a color effect or simulate a colored object.
[0048] In the security element of the invention, the orientations of several facets can thus be changed in relation to the orientations for the production of the projecting and / or low area that the projecting and / or low area is still noticeable, but with a surface of matte appearance. Thus, the raised and / or low area can also be presented with a matte surface appearance.
[0049] The invention also comprises a method for the manufacture of a security element for security papers, documents of value or
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11/43 similar, in which the surface of a vehicle is so modulated in height in a surface area that the surface area is divided into a multiplicity of pixels respectively having at least one optically active facet, whereby most of the pixels respectively it has several optically active facets of identical pixel orientation, and the facets are so oriented that the surface area is perceptible to an observer of the manufactured security element as an area that protrudes and / or diminishes in relation to its current spatial shape .
[0050] The manufacturing method of the invention can be developed in particular such that the security element of the invention, as well as developments of the security element of the invention, can be manufactured.
[0051] The manufacturing method may also contain the step of computing the pixels starting from a surface to be simulated. In this computation step, the facets (their dimensions as well as their orientations) are computed for all pixels. Based on these data, the modulation of the height of the surface area can then be carried out.
[0052] In the manufacturing method of the invention, the facet coating step can still be provided. The facets can be provided with a reflective or reflective coating. The reflective or reflective coating can be a complete mirror coating or a partially transparent mirror coating.
[0053] For the production of the height-modulated vehicle surface, known methods of microstructuring can be employed, such as, for example, embossing methods. Thus, for example, also using known semiconductor manufacturing methods (photolithography, electron beam lithography, laser beam lithography, etc.) suitable structures in resistance materials can be exposed, possibly refined, molded, and used for manufacture of embossing tools. Well-known methods can be used to record on
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12/43 relief on thermoplastic sheets or sheets coated with radiation curing lacquers. The vehicle can have several layers that are applied successively and optionally structured, and / or it can be assembled with several parts.
[0054] The security element can be configured in particular as a security thread, tear thread, security strip, security strip, patch or as a label for application to security paper, document of value or similar. In particular, the security element can cover regions or recesses that are transparent or at least translucent.
[0055] The term security paper is considered here as being in particular the not yet circulable precursor to a document of value, which may have, besides the security element of the invention, for example, also authentication characteristics (such as, for example, luminescent substances provided within the volume). Valuable documents are considered here, on the one hand, documents made of security papers. On the other hand, documents of value can also be other documents and objects that can be provided with the security element of the invention in order that the documents of value have non-copyable authentication characteristics, thus making it possible to check authenticity and at the same time prevent unwanted copying.
[0056] An embossing tool is also provided having an embossing area with which the shape of the facets of a security element of the invention (including its developments) can be embossed inside the vehicle or inside a vehicle layer.
[0057] The embossing area preferably has an inverted shape of the contour of the surface to be embossed, so this inverted shape is advantageously produced by the formation of corresponding depressions.
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13/43 [0058] Additionally, the security element of the invention can be used as a controller for the display of volume holograms or for purely decorative purposes.
[0059] To expose the volume hologram, a photosensitive layer on which the volume hologram must be formed can be brought directly or through the intermediary of a transparent optical medium, in contact with the front side of the controller and thus with the front side of the security element.
[0060] Next, the photosensitive layer and the controller are exposed with a coherent light beam, thus causing the volume hologram to be written inside the photosensitive layer. The procedure can be identical or similar to the procedure for producing a volume hologram as described in DE 10 1006 016 139 A1. The basic procedure is described, for example, in paragraphs 70 to 79 on pages 7 and 8 of the printout indicated in connection with figures 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b. The total content of DE 10 2006 016 139 A1 in connection with the manufacture of volume holograms is incorporated into this application.
[0061] It is evident that the characteristics mentioned here above and those to be explained below are usable not only in the indicated combinations, but also in other combinations or isolated, without going beyond the scope of the present invention.
[0062] In the following the invention will be explained in more depth by way of example with reference to the attached drawings, which also describe characteristics essential to the invention. For clarity, the figures avoid a representation that is true in scale and proportion. Shown are:
Figure 1 is a plan view of a bank note having a security element 1 according to the invention;
Figure 2 is an enlarged plan view of part of the area 3 of the security element 1;
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14/43
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view along line 6 in the figure
2;
Figure 4 is a schematic perspective representation of the pixel of Figure 2;
Figure 5 is a sectional view of another embodiment of some facets of the security element 1;
Figure 6 is a sectional view of another embodiment of some facets of the security element 1;
Figure 7 is a sectional view to explain the computation of the facets;
Figure 8 is a plan view to explain a square grid for computing the pixels;
Figure 9 is a plan view to explain a 60 ° grid for computing the pixels;
Fig. 10 is a three-pixel plan view 4 of area 3;
Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of the figure representation
10;
Figure 12 is a three-pixel plan view 4 of area 3;
Figure 13 is a cross-sectional view of the plan view of Figure 12;
Fig. 14 is a three-pixel plan view 4 of area 3;
Figure 15 is a sectional view of the plan view of Figure 14;
Fig. 16 is a plan view to explain the computation of pixels according to another embodiment;
Fig. 17 is a sectional view of the arrangement of the pixel facets over a cylindrical base area;
Figure 18 is a sectional view to explain the pixel output for the application according to Figure 17;
Figures 19 - 21 representations to explain the angles in reflective and transmissible facets;
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Figure 22 is a sectional view of a reflective surface to be simulated;
Figure 23 is a sectional view of a lens 22 simulating the surface according to Figure 22;
Figure 24 is a sectional view of the transmissible facets for simulating the lenses according to figure 23;
Figure 25 is a sectional view of a reflective surface to be simulated;
Figure 26 is a sectional view of a lens 22 simulating the surface according to Figure 25;
Figure 27 is a sectional view of the corresponding transmissible facets for the simulation of the lenses according to figure 24;
Fig. 28 is a sectional view of an embodiment in which the transmissible facets are formed on both sides of the vehicle 8;
Fig. 29 is a sectional view according to another embodiment in which the transmissible facets are formed on both sides of the vehicle 8;
Fig. 30 is a representation for explaining the angles in the mode in which transmissible facets are formed on both sides of the vehicle 8;
Fig. 31 is a schematic sectional view of an embossing tool for manufacturing the security element of the invention according to Fig. 5.
Figures 32a-32c representations to explain embedded facets, whereby the facets are configured as reflective facets;
Figures 33a + 33b representations to explain embedded facets, so the facets are configured as transmissible facets;
Fig. 34 is a representation to explain built-in dispersion facets, and
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Fig. 35 is a representation to explain embedded matte gloss facets.
[0063] In the embodiment shown in figure 1, the security element 1 of the invention is integrated into a bank note 2 such that the security element 1 is visible from the front side of the bank note 2 shown in figure 1.
[0064] The security element 1 is configured as a reflective security element 1 with a rectangular outer contour, whereby the area 3 limited by the rectangular outer contour is divided into a multiplicity of reflective pixels 4 of which a small portion is represented enlarged in figure 2 as a plan view.
[0065] The 4 pixels here are square and have a border length in the range of 10 to several 100 pm. Preferably, the edge length is not greater than 300 pm. In particular, it can be in the range between 20 and 100 pm.
[0066] The length of the edge of the pixels 4 is chosen in particular such that the area of each pixel 4 is smaller than the area 3 by at least one order of magnitude, preferably by two orders of magnitude.
[0067] Most pixels 4 respectively have several reflective facets 5 of identical orientation, so facets 5 are the optically active areas of a reflective sawtooth railing.
[0068] In figure 3 the sectional view is shown along line 6 for six neighboring pixels 4i, 42, 43, 44, 45 and 46, so the representation in figure 3, as well as in the other figures, is partially untrue scale for the benefit of representativeness. Additionally, the reflective coating on the facets 5 is not shown in figures 1 to 3 or in figure 4 to simplify the representation.
[0069] The sawtooth railing of pixels 4 is formed here on a surface 7 of a vehicle 8, whereby the surface 7 thus structured is preferably coated with a reflective coating (not shown in figure 3). Vehicle 8 can be, for example, a radiation curing plastic
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17/43 (UV resin) which is applied to a vehicle sheet (for example a PET sheet) not shown.
[0070] As can be seen in figure 3, pixels 4i, 42, 44, 45 and 46 respectively have three facets 5 whose orientation is respectively identical per pixel 41, 42, 44, 45 and 46. The sawtooth railing and thus also the facets 5 of the pixels are identical here except for their different slope 01, 04 (for simplification of the representation, only the slope angles 01 and 04 of a respective facet 5 of the pixels 4i and 44 are drawn). Pixel 43 has only a single facet 5 here.
[0071] Considered in plan view (Figure 2), facets 5 of pixels 4i 46 are mirror surfaces molded into strips which are mutually aligned in parallel. The orientation of facets 5 is chosen here such that area 3 is perceptible to an observer as an area that stands out and / or decreases in relation to its current spatial (macroscopic) shape, which is the shape of a flat area here. An observer perceives here the surface 9 represented in a cross section in figure 3 when he looks at facets 5. This is achieved by choosing the orientations of facets 5, which reflect the incident light L1 as if it were falling over an area in accordance with the special shape indicated by line 9 in figure 3, as represented schematically by the incident light L2. The reflection produced by facets 5 of a pixel 4 corresponds to the average reflection of the region of the surface 9 which is converted or simulated by the corresponding pixel 4.
[0072] In the security element 1 of the invention, a three-dimensional height profile is thus simulated by a meshed arrangement of reflective sawtooth structures (facets 5 per pixel 4) which imitate the reflection behavior of the profile of height. With area 3, therefore, arbitrarily three-dimensional perceptible motifs can be produced, such as, for example, a person. Parts of a person, a number or other objects.
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18/43 [0073] In addition to the slope σ of the individual facets 5, the azimuth angle α of the simulated surface must also be adjusted. For pixels 4i 46, the azimuth angle α relative to the direction according to the arrow P1 (Figure 2) matters at 0 °. For pixel 47 the azimuth angle α matters, for example, approximately 170 °. The sawtooth railing of pixel 47 is shown schematically in a three-dimensional representation in figure 4.
[0074] For the manufacture of security element 1, the reflective sawtooth structures can be written on a “fotoresist”, for example, by means of gray scale lithography, subsequently developed, electroformed, engraved in lacquer relief UV (vehicle) and mirror coated. Mirror coating can be carried out, for example, by means of an applied metal layer (for example, vapor deposited). Typically, an aluminum layer with a thickness of, for example, 50 nm is applied. Certainly, other metals can also be used, such as, for example, silver, copper, chromium, iron, etc., or alloys thereof. Alternatively to metals, highly refractive coatings can also be applied, for example, ZnS or TiO2. The vapor deposition can be over the full area. It is also possible, however, to make a coating that is only in certain regions or molded in a grid. So that the security element 1 is partially transparent or translucent.
[0075] The period Λ of facets 5 is, in the simplest case, identical for all pixels 4. It is also possible, however, to vary the period Λ of facets 5 per pixel 4. Thus, for example, pixel 47 has a period less than Λ than pixels 4i - 46 (Figure 2). In particular, the period Λ of facets 5 can be chosen randomly for each pixel. By varying the choice of period Λ of the sawtooth railing for facets 5, it is possible to minimize a possibly existing visibility of an increasing diffraction image from the sawtooth railing.
[0076] Within a 4 pixel a fixed period Λ is provided. However, it is basically also possible to vary the period Λ within a 4 pixel, from
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19/43 so that aperiodic sawtooth grids per pixel 4 are present.
[0077] To avoid unwanted diffraction effects, on the one hand, to minimize the necessary sheet thickness (vehicle thickness 8), on the other hand, the Λ period of facets 5 is preferably between 3 pm and 300 pm. In particular, the spacing is between 5 pm and 100 pm, so a particular spacing and preferably between 10 pm and 30 pm is chosen.
[0078] In the example of modality described here, pixels 4 are square. It is also possible, however, to set the 4 pixels to be rectangular. Other pixel shapes can also be used, such as, for example, a parallelogram or hexagonal pixel shape. The pixels 4 here preferably have dimensions that are larger than the spacing of the facets 5, on the one hand, and are so small that the individual pixels 4 do not disturb the unarmed eye, on the other hand, disturbingly. The size range resulting from these requirements is between about 10 and some 100 pm.
[0079] Slopes σ and azimuth angles α of facets 5 within a pixel 4 below result from the slope of the simulated height profile 9.
[0080] In addition to the slope σ and the azimuth angle α, a phase parameter pi can also be entered for each pixel 4. The surface relief of security element 1 can be described below in i-th pixel 4i by the following height function hi (x, y):
h (x, y) = A [(- x · sin a + y · cos a, + P) mod ] [0081] Here, Ai is the amplitude of the sawtooth railing, ai the azimuth angle, and Λί the grating period. mod represents the operation of the module and yields the rest positive by dividing. The amplitude factor Ai results from the slope of the simulated surface profile 9.
[0082] By changing the pi phase parameter, the sawtooth railings or facets 5 of different pixels 4 can be changed in relation to each other. For pi parameters, random values or other values
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20/43 variables per pixel 4 can be used. In this way, a possibly visible diffraction pattern can be eliminated from the sawtooth railing (of facets 5 per pixel 4) or from the grid railing of pixels 4, which may otherwise cause unwanted color effects. Additionally, due to the varying phase parameters pi, there is also no special direction in which the sawtooth railings of neighboring pixels 4 fit together particularly well or particularly poorly, which prevents visible anisotropy.
[0083] In the security element 1 of the invention, the azimuth angle α as well as the slopes σ of facets 5 per pixel 4 can be chosen such that they do not correspond to the simulated surface 9 as much as possible, but preferably deviate from there. some way. For this purpose, a component (preferably random) can be added for each pixel 4 at an optimum value for simulating surface 9 according to an appropriate distribution. Depending on the size of pixel 4 and the strength of the noise (standard deviation of the distribution), different interesting effects can thus be achieved. In the case of very thin pixels 4 (about 20 pm), the glossy surface otherwise looks increasingly dull with increasing noise. In the case of larger pixels (about 50 pm), someone gets an appearance comparable to a lacquer formation comparable to a metallic lacquer formation. In the case of very large pixels (several 100 pm), the individual 4 pixels are resolved by the unarmed eye. They then appear as rough, but flat portions which light up brilliantly at different viewing angles.
[0084] The strength of the noise can be chosen differently for different pixels 4, through which it makes the bulky-looking surface appear to vary in smoothness and lack of brightness in different places. Thus, for example, the effect that the observer perceives area 3 as a flat, protruding and / or low area having an inscription or matte texture can be produced.
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21/43 [0085] Additionally, it is possible to apply a color-changing coating, in particular a thin film system, to facets 5. The thin film system may have, for example, a first, a second and a third layer dielectrics which are formed on top of each other, so the first and third layers have a higher refractive index than the second layer. Due to the different inclinations of facets 5, different colors are noticeable to an observer without the safety element 1 having to be rotated. The perceptible area thus has a certain color spectrum.
[0086] The security element 1 can be configured in particular as an image of multiple channels that have different partial areas, mutually intertwined, so that at least one of the partial areas is configured in the manner according to the invention, so that this partial area is noticeable to the observer as a partial three-dimensional area. The other partial areas can of course also be configured in the manner described by means of pixels 4 with at least one facet 5. The other partial areas can also, but need not, be perceived as a protruding and / or low area in relation to the current spatial shape. The interlacing can be, for example, of a contrasted configuration or also of the strip type. Interesting effects are achievable by intertwining several partial areas. When, for example, the simulation of a spherical surface is interwoven with the representation of a number, this can be done in such a way that for the observer the impression emerges from the number being located inside a glass ball with a semi-mirror surface. .
[0087] In addition to the above-described use of color-changing coatings, it is also possible to provide security element 1 of the invention in addition with color information. Therefore, ink can, for example, be printed on facets 5 (either transparent or thin) or be provided below a sawtooth structure at least partially transparent or translucent. For example, discoloration of
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22/43 a subject represented by pixels 4. When, for example, a portrait is simulated, the ink layer can provide the facial color.
[0088] A combination with a true color hologram or Cinegram, in particular interlacing with a true color hologram that shows a colored representation of surface 9 simulated with pixels 4, is also possible. Thus, the basically three-dimensional achromatic image of an object will appear colored at certain angles.
[0089] Additionally, a combination with a wavelength undergrading is possible. In particular, the interlaced representation of the same motif by both technologies is advantageous, so that the three-dimensional effect of the sawtooth structures is combined with the color information of the wavelength undergradings.
[0090] Surface 9 simulated with pixels 4 can in particular be a so-called imaginary area. This is understood here as the formation of a reflection behavior or reflection behavior that cannot be produced with a real bulky reflective or transmissive surface.
[0091] To further explain the concept of the imaginary area, a mathematical criterion for the delimitation of real areas will be introduced and explained below by the example of a rotating mirror.
[0092] By simulating a real protruding surface, the last one can be described by a height function h (x, y). It can be considered here that the function h (x, y) is differentiable (non-differentiable functions could be approximated by differentiable functions that would ultimately produce the same effect for the observer). If someone now integrates the gradient of h (x, y) along an arbitrarily closed curve C, the integral will disappear:
£ vh (x, y) ds = 0
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23/43 [0093] In figurative terms, this means that someone climbs the same height differences as he descends along a closed path and lands at the same height at the end. The sum of the height differences overcome on this path must therefore be zero.
[0094] In the safety element 1 of the invention, the inclination and azimuth of the facets 5 correspond to the gradient of the height function. Cases can now be constructed where the inclination and azimuth of facets 5 run towards each other practically continuously, but no height function can be found with which the above integral disappears. In this case, the simulation of an imaginary area must be spoken.
[0095] A special modality is, for example, a rotating mirror. In this connection, the simulation of a real convex mirror with a parabolic profile will first be considered. The height function is given by h (x, y) = -c (x ² + y ² ) where c> 0 is a constant and determines the curvature of the mirror. In such a mirror, the observer can see an image in the vertical mirror reduced from himself. The parameters of the sawtooth structures are given by a (x, y) = arctan (x, y) and
A (x, y) = 2c (x ² + y ² ) [0096] If someone adds a constant angle δ to the azimuth angle α, the mirror image will be rotated precisely at this angle. As long as δ does not involve multiple integrals of 180 °, such an imaginary surface will appear. If someone chooses, for example, δ = 90 °, the mirror image will be rotated by 90 ° and a mirror image obtained which cannot be achieved with a smooth real bulky surface. If someone equalizes the gradient of h with the slope of the sawtooth structures, one can now find curves where the integral above will not disappear. For example, a K curve along a circle around the center with radius R> 0 yields
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24/43 í Vh (x, y) ds = í 2c ds = 4ncR Φ 0
JK JK [0097] Figuratively speaking, this rotating mirror thus simulates a surface where someone walks continuously up the mountain along a circle, but lands at the end at the same time at which he started. Such a real surface may obviously not exist.
[0098] With the security elements 1 described so far, it was considered that the area is configured as a reflective area. However, the same effects of three-dimensional printing are substantially achievable also in transmission when the sawtooth structures or the pixels 4 with the facets 5 (including the vehicle 8) are at least partially transparent. Preferably, the sawtooth structures reside between two layers with different refractive indices. In this case, the safety element 1 below appears to the observer like a glassy body with a protruding surface.
[0099] The advantageously described modalities can also be applied to the transmissive configuration of the security element 1. Therefore, for example, the rotating mirror of an imaginary area can rotate the image in transmission.
[00100] The transmissive configuration of the security element will be described in more detail below in connection with figures 19 to 29.
[00101] The counterfeiting resistance of the security element 1 of the invention can be increased by additional features only visible with auxiliaries, which can also be designated as hidden features.
[00102] Therefore, additional information can, for example, be encoded in the phase parameters of the individual pixels 4. In particular, a verification mask can be produced with railing structures which have the same azimuth periods and angles as the element safety 1 of the invention. In a partial region of the area,
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25/43 railings of the verification mask may have the same phase parameter as the security element to be verified, and in other regions, a certain phase difference. These different regions below will appear to vary in lightness or darkness through the effects of moiré when the security element 1 and the check mask are placed on top of each other.
[00103] In particular, the verification mask can also be provided in bank note 2 or another element provided with security element 1.
[00104] Pixels 4 can also have other contours, in addition to the contour shapes described. These contours can then be recognized with a magnifying glass or microscope.
[00105] Additionally, another arbitrary structure can also be embossed or written on a small portion of pixels 4, instead of the corresponding saw teeth or facets 5, without reaching the unarmed eye. In this case, these pixels are not part of area 3, so an interlacing of area 3 with the differently configured pixels is present. These differently configured pixels can be, for example, every 100th pixel compared to the 4 pixels in area 3. A microprint or logo can be incorporated into these pixels, for example, letters that are 10 pm on a pixel that is 40 pm.
[00106] In the modality examples described so far, the facets are so formed on the surface 7 of the vehicle 8 that the lowest points or the minimum height values of all facets 5 (Figure 3) reside on a plane. It is also possible, however, to form facets 5 such that the mean heights of all facets 5 are at the same height, as shown schematically in figure 5. Additionally, it is possible to configure facets 5 such that peak values or maximum height values for all facets 5 of pixels 4 are at the same height as shown schematically in figure 6.
[00107] In figure 7 a sectional representation is shown in the same way as in figure 3, but with a mirror surface 10 outlined
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26/43 for pixel 44, which simulates surface 9 in the region of pixel 44. At the pixel size of, for example, 20 pm to 100 pm, such mirror surface 10 would result in undesirably large heights being present. At a 45 ° mirror tilt, the corresponding mirror surface 10 would protrude out of the x-y plane at 20 pm to 100 pm. However, maximum heights of 10 pm are preferably desired. Therefore, the mirror surface 10 is subjected to an operation of module d, so that the facets 5 outlined in figure 7 are formed, so that the normal vectors n of the facets 5 correspond to the normal vectors n of the mirror surface 10.
[00108] The surface 9 to be simulated can be present, for example, as a set of x, y values with height h respectively associated in the z direction (3D bitmap). Using such a 3D bitmap, a defined square grid or 60 ° grid (Figures 8, 9) can be constructed in the x-y plane. The grid points are connected so as to result in an area coverage in the x-y plane with triangular tiles, as shown schematically in figures 8 and 9. At the three corner points of each tile, the h values are taken from the 3D bitmap. The smallest of these h values is subtracted from the h values of the three corner points of the tiles. With these new h values at the three corner points, a sawtooth area is constructed comprising inclined triangles (flat triangular elements). The flat elements protrude far out of the x-y plane and are replaced by facets 5. This provides the description of the area for facets 5 such that the security element 1 of the invention can be manufactured.
[00109] The surface 9 to be simulated can be given by a mathematical formula f (x, y, z) = h (x, y) - z = 0. Facets 5 or their orientations are obtained from tangent planes of surface 9 to be simulated. These can be determined from the mathematical derivation of the function f (x, y, z). facet 5 fixed at point x0, y0 is described by the normal vector:
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27/43
f ⁿ X Ί ^(x o, yo, ^z ) ^Ί n = ⁿ y = ^{f (x} o, yo, ^z ) ( _xyz )) ² + ( ^f (xyz)) ² + ( ^f (xyz)) ² '\ õx ^(x o, ^y o, ^z 0 ^ + ^(x o, ^y o, ^z 0 ^ + dz ^{( x} o, ^y 0, ^z 0 ⁾ /L ⁿ z) L ~ ãz ^(X 0, ^y 0, ^Z o) 7
[00110] The azimuth angle α of the tangent plane is arctan (ny / nx) and the inclination angle σ of the tangent plane is arccos nz. The area f (x, y, z) can be arbitrarily curved and (X0, y0, z0) is the point in the area for which the computation is being performed. The computation is carried out successively for all points selected for the sawtooth structure.
[00111] Regions are respectively cut from the inclined planes with the normal vectors thus computed which must be fixed at the points selected in the x-y plane, so that the overlap of the associated elements is avoided in the case of neighboring points x-y. The inclined plane elements that protrude far out of the x-y plane are divided into smaller facets 5, as described in connection with figure 7.
[00112] The surface to be simulated can be described by triangular area elements, so the smooth triangular elements are covered between selected points which reside within and on the edge of the surface to be simulated. Triangles can be described as smooth elements by the following mathematical function f (x, y, z)
X - Xj y-Yx f ( ^x, y, z) = ^X 2 ^-X 1 y ₂ ^- Yx ^X 3 - ^X 1
Y3 - Y1 zz ^Z 2 ^{- Z} 1 ^Z 3 - ^Z 1 = 0, where xi, yi, zi are triangular corner points.
[00114] In this case, the area can be projected into the x-y plane and the individual triangles inclined according to their normal vector. The inclined plane elements form the facets, and are subdivided into smaller facets 5 if they protrude too far from the x-y plane, as described in connection with figure 7.
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28/43 [00115] When the surface to be simulated is given by the triangular area elements, someone can also proceed as follows. The total surface to be simulated is first submitted (or cells of each surface) to a Fresnel d construction module (or di module). Since the surface to be simulated consists of flat elements, triangles which are filled with facets 5 automatically appear in the x-y plane.
[00116] The construction of the facets can also be performed as follows. In the x-y plane above in which the surface 9 to be simulated is defined, suitable x-y points are chosen and connected in order to yield an area coverage of the x-y plane with polygonal tiles. Above an arbitrarily chosen point (for example, a corner point) on each tile, the normal vector is determined from the surface 9 above to be simulated. A Fresnel mirror (pixel 4 with several facets 5) corresponding to the normal vector is now attached to each tile.
[00117] Preferably, square tiles or 4 pixels are applied. However, arbitrary (irregular) slopes are possible in principle. The tiles can join together (which is preferred because of the greater efficiency) or they can be joined between the tiles (for example, in the case of circular tiles).
[00118] The inclination angle σ of the plane can be represented as follows
[00119] The azimuth angle α of the slope can be represented as follows
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29/43 where α = 0 ° to 180 ° for ny> 0 and α = 180 ° to 360 ° for ny <0.
[00120] The determination of facets 5 including their orientations according to the invention can be carried out in two basically different ways. Thus, the x-y plane can be subdivided into pixels 4 (or tiles) and for each pixel 4 the normal vector is determined for the reflective plane area which is then converted into several facets 5 of identical orientation. Alternatively, it is possible to approximate the surface 9 to be simulated by flat elements, if it has not yet been given by the smooth elements, and then subdivide the smooth elements into the individual facets 5.
[00121] In the first procedure, an inclination in the x-y plane is thus determined. The slope can be exposed in an absolutely arbitrary way. It is also possible, however, that the slope consists only of identical squares with the lateral length a, where a is preferably in the range of 10 to 100 pm. The slope can, however, also consist of different formed tiles which fit together precisely or with which there are joints. The tiles can be formed differently and contain a code or a canceled information item. In particular, the tiles can be adjusted to the projection of the surface to be simulated in the x-y plane.
[00122] A reference point is thus defined arbitrarily in each tile. The normal vectors at the points of the surface to be simulated that reside perpendicularly above the reference points on the tiles are associated with the corresponding tiles. If, on the surface to be simulated residing on the reference point, several normal vectors are associated with the reference point (for example, on an edge or corner where several area elements meet), an average normal vector can be determined from from these normal vectors.
[00123] A subdivision is defined on each tile in the x-y plane. This subdivision can be arbitrary. From the normal vector, the azimuth angle α and the slope angle σ are computed below. Optionally, an offset system can also be defined, which designates an offset (height value)
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30/43 for each facet 5. The offset can be arbitrary in each region of the subdivision. It is also possible, however, to apply the offset such that the averages of facets 5 are all at the same height or that the maximum values of all facets 5 are at the same height.
[00124] In the subdivisions in the associated tiles, there are then computationally fixed, facets 5, flat elements inclined with the normal vector associated with the tile, with consideration of the offset system. The shape of the surface thus computed is then formed on the surface 7 of the vehicle 8.
[00125] However, not only can an arbitrary subdivision be defined in each tile in the x-y plane. Thus, for example, railing lines can also be defined which are approximately or precisely perpendicular to the projection of the normal vector into the x-y plane. The railing lines can have arbitrary spacing. It is also possible, however, that the spacing of the railings follows a certain pattern. Therefore, the railing lines can be provided, for example, not precisely parallel to each other, in order to avoid interference, for example. It is also possible, however, that the railing lines are parallel to each other, but have different spacing. The different spacing of the railing lines may comprise an encoding. Additionally, it is possible that the grid lines of all facets 5 have equal spacing in each pixel 4. The spacing can be in the range from 1 pm to 20 pm.
[00126] The railing lines can also have equal spacing within each tile or within each pixel 4, but vary by pixel 4. The spacing of the railing line Ai and the inclination angle σι of the associated facet 5 determines the thickness of the di = Ai · tan σί structure, so di preferably matters in 1 to 10 pm.
[00127] Facets 5 can also all have the same height d. The constant grating is then determined in a region-based manner by the inclination angle σι of the associated facet i: Ai = d / tan
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31/43 [00128] From the normal vector, the azimuth angle α and the slope angle σ are then determined again. The sawtooth railing defined by the railing lines, azimuth angle and inclination angle is computationally fixed on the tile associated with consideration of the offset system.
[00129] One can also start from a surface 9 to be simulated that is constructed of flat elements i (or that is so processed that it builds itself from flat elements i), so the depth of the structure of the surface to be simulated and the dimensions of the flat elements are considerably larger than di.
[00130] For example, the flat elements i are respectively given by three corner points xií, yn, zií; X2i, ya, Z2i; X3i, y3i, z3i.
[00131] The projection comprising flat elements is represented by z = f (x, y), where ^(xx ) ·
Ϊ2 ,! -Y1 ,!
Y3 ,! - Y14 ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i - ^Z 1, i ^- (y ^- Yi, i) · ^X 2, i ^-X 1, i ^X 3, i - ^X 1, i ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i ^Z 1, i ^(zZ 1, i) · ^X 2, i ^-X 1, i ^X 3, i - ^X 1, i y2, i -y1, i y3, i ^- y1, i [00132] This yields, solved by z,
Z = Z] i ⁽ y-yn) · ^X 2, i ^-X 1, i ^X 3, i - ^X 1, i ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i - ^Z 1, i ^{- (x -X} 1, i) · y2, i ^- y1, i y3, i - y1, i ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i - ^Z 1, i ^X 2, i ^-X 1, i y2, i ^- y1, i ^X 3, i - ^X 1, i y3, i - y1, i [00133] The predicted sawtooth area whose structure thickness in regions i is less than di results from the module z di, where z is computed from the formula above and where the values x and y by computing respectively reside within the triangle given by xií, y1i; X2i, y2i; X3i, y3i in the xy plane.
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32/43 [00134] The sawtooth area thus computed is automatically composed of facets 5. As a result, there are Ai grading constants in regions i
Ai = di / tan σι [00135] If a grading constant A equal anywhere is desired, di must be inserted di = A tan σί [00136] where σι is the angle of inclination of the triangle given by xii, yii, zii;
X2i, y2i, Z2i; X3i, y3i, Z3i.
[00137] The alternative procedure to follow is possible. In formula A below, a surface 9 to be simulated residing above the x-y plane is described by triangular plane elements
Z = ^Z h +
(y-yu) · ^X 2, i ^-X 1, i ^X 3, i - ^X 1, i ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i - ^Z 1, i ^{- (x -X} 1, i) · y2, iy3, i ^- y1, i ^- y1, i ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i ^{- Z} 1, i^X 2, i ^-X 1 i y2, i ^- y1, i ^X 3, i ^{- X} 1 , i y3, i ^- y1, i
(A) [00138] The flat elements i are respectively given by the three corner points x1i, y1i, z1i; x2i, y2i, z2i; x3i, y3i, z3i.
[00139] The corner points are so numbered that z1i is the smallest value among the three values z1i, z2i, z3i (z1i = min (z1i, z2i, z3i)).
[00140] The following formula B represents a sawtooth area that simulates the three-dimensional impression of the surface 9 to be simulated given by formula A
⁽ y ^- y1, i) · ^X 2, i ^-X 1, i ^X 3, i - ^X 1, i ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^{- (x -X} 1, i) · y2, iy3, i ^- Y1, i - y _{1, i} ^Z 2, i ^{- Z} 1, i ^Z 3, i ^{- Z} 1, i^X 2, i ^-X 1 i y2, i ^- y1, i ^X 3, i ^{- X} 1 , i y3, i ^- y1, i
(B)
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33/43 [00141] As you can see, the sawtooth area according to formula B differs from the area to be simulated according to formula A in which the minimum value zií in region i is subtracted from the value z . The sawtooth area according to formula B consists of inclined triangles fixed to the x-y plane.
[00142] When a maximum thickness di for the depth of the structure is predetermined, it may be that the maximum thickness is exceeded in the sawtooth area according to formula B. This can be remedied by the formation of individual facets with a normal vector identical according to the module z di, where z is computed from formula B above and the values x and y by computation reside respectively within the triangle given by xií, yn; x2i, y2i; x3i, y3i in the x-y plane.
[00143] The sawtooth area thus computed is made up of triangular regions which are filled with facets 5, so the grading constants Λ in regions i result as Ai = di / tan oi. The oi angle is the angle of inclination of the triangle given by xií, y1i, zií; x2i, y2i, Z2i; x3i, y3i, Z3i.
[00144] The procedures shown here for the surfaces to be simulated which are described by triangles and which are converted according to the invention into pixels 4 with several facets 5 should be understood as examples. In general, we proceed as follows according to the invention in the case of surfaces to be simulated which are described by flat elements. The flat elements are subdivided into cells. By subdividing a value (for example, the minimum value of z in the cell) is subtracted. A sawtooth railing is thus obtained according to the invention which is flatter than the surface 9 to be simulated and which in the region-based manner has normal vectors which are respectively identical in the cells.
[00145] This sawtooth railing mimics the original surface 9 to be simulated including its three-dimensional impression. This railing of
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34/43 sawtooth is flatter than a sawtooth railing created by the same procedure without subdividing pixels 4 into several facets 5 according to the invention.
[00146] Figure 10 shows a plan view of three pixels 4 of area 3 according to an additional modality, so pixels 4 are irregularly configured (continuous lines) with an irregular subdivision or facets 5 (dotted lines). Pixel borders and subdivisions are straight lines here, but they can also be curved.
[00147] In figure 11 the corresponding cross-sectional view is shown, so the normal vectors of facets 5 are outlined schematically. By pixel 4 the normal vectors of all facets 5 are identical, while they differ from pixel 4 to pixel 4. Normal vectors are slanted in space and generally not in the drawing plane, as shown in figure 11 for the purpose of simplicity .
[00148] In figure 12 a plan view is shown with the same division of pixels 4 as in figure 11, but the subdivision (facets 5) by pixel 4 is different. In the example of modality shown, the de railing period of facets 5 is constant in each pixel 4, but different from pixel 4 to pixel 4.
[00149] Figure 13 shows the corresponding cross section view.
[00150] In figure 14 an additional modification is shown, so the shape of the pixel is the same as in figure 10. However, the subdivision by pixel 4 is coded. Each second rail line spacing is twice as wide as the previous rail line spacing. In figure 15 the corresponding cross-sectional view is represented.
[00151] If the surface to be simulated is given as a height line image, the normal vectors can be determined as follows. Discrete points are chosen on the height 15 lines (figure 16 shows a schematic plan view) and these points are connected such that an inclination
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Triangular 35/43 arise. The computation of the normal vectors for the triangles is performed in the manner described above.
[00152] In the previous modalities, the normal vector was always computed in relation to the x-y plane. It is also possible, however, to compute the normal vector in relation to a curved base area, such as, for example, a cylindrical surface. In this case, the security element can be provided on a bottle label (for example, on the neck of the bottle) such that the simulated surface can then be perceived three-dimensionally by an observer without distortion. For this purpose, the normal vector n relative to the cylindrical surface need only be converted to the normal vector ntrans relative to a plane, so that the manufacturing methods described above can be used. When the security element of the invention is then applied as a bottle label to a bottle neck (with cylindrical curvature), the simulated surface 9 can then be perceived without distortion in a three-dimensional manner. The conversion to be performed results from the following formulas x = r sen0, Φ = arcsen x / r
Xtrans = 2 π ^ / 360, Φ = 360 xtrans / 2nr [00153] The normal vector ntrans in place (xtrans, y) can be computed as
follow.'cos $ 0 sin $ ^ ⁿ trans 0 1 0 • n _K -sin ^ 0 cos ^
where n = normal vector over (x, y).
[00154] The security element 1 of the invention can be configured not only as a reflective security element 1, but also as a transmissive security element 1, as mentioned above. In this case, the facets 5 are not coated with a mirror and the vehicle 8 consists of a transparent or at least translucent material, so the visualization is carried out in transmission. Through the backlight, a user can
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36/43 perceive the simulated surface 9 as if a reflective safety element 1 according to the invention illuminated from the front was present.
[00155] Facets 5 computed for a reflective safety element 1 are spaced by data for microprisms 16, so the corresponding angles are represented by reflection (Figure 19) and for transmissive prisms 16 in figures 20 and 21. Figure 20 shows the incidence on the inclined facets 5, whereby figure 21 shows the incidence on the smooth side, the latter being preferred due to the possibly greater incident light angles.
[00156] The azimuth angle of reflective facet 5 is designated as and the inclination angle of facet 5 as Os. The refractive index of microprism 16 equals n, the azimuth angle of microprism 16 means that ap = 180 ° + as. The angle of inclination of the microprism 16 according to figure 20 means that sin (Op + 2 Os) = n sen Op, so it remains for small angles 2 Os = (n - 1) Op and 4 Os = Op (for n = 1.5).
[00157] The angle of inclination of the microprism 16 according to figure 21 means that sin (2 Os) = n sen β; sen (Op) = n sen (Op - β), so it remains for small angles 4 Os = Op (for n = 1.5).
[00158] The components of the normal vector are, when a and O are known, nz = cos o, ny / nx = sen α / cos a, nx ² + ny ² + nz ² = 1 n = cosa -V1 - cos ² σ , n = sina -yl 1 -cos ² ct [00159] In figure 22 a reflective surface 9 to be simulated with an elevation 20 and a depression 21 is shown schematically. The negative focal length -f of the mirror-forming elevation 20 matters in r / 2 and the positive focal length f of the mirror-forming depression 21 matters in r / 2.
[00160] In figure 23 is shown schematically a lens 22 that has a transparent concave portion 23 as well as a convex portion
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37/43 transparent 24. The concave portion 23 simulates the elevation of mirror formation 20, so the negative focal length -f of the concave portion 23 matters in 2r. The transparent convex portion 24 simulates the mirror-forming depression 21 and has a positive focal length f = 2r.
[00161] The lens 22 according to figure 23 can be replaced by the sawtooth arrangement according to figure 24.
[00162] The arrows in figures 20 to 23 show schematically the ray path for incident light L. From these ray paths, it is evident that lens 22 simulates surface 9 in transmission as desired.
[00163] In figures 25 to 27 an example is shown in which the sawtooth side resides on the light incidence side. Otherwise the representation of figure 25 corresponds to the representation of figure 22, the representation of figure 26 corresponds to the representation in figure 23, and the representation of figure 27 corresponds to the representation in figure 24.
[00164] For the computation of transmissive sawtooth structures, the methods described above can be employed.
[00165] The transparent sawtooth structure shown in figure 27 corresponds substantially to a mold of a corresponding reflective sawtooth structure for a simulation of surface 9 according to figure 25. However, the simulated surface here appears to flatten more substantially in transmission (at a refractive index of 1.5) than in reflection. Therefore, the height of the sawtooth structure is preferably increased, or the number of facets 5 per pixel 4 increased.
[00166] It is certainly also possible to provide the sawtooth structures described with a semitransparent mirror coating. In this case, the simulated surface 9 normally appears to be more deeply structured in reflection than in transmission.
[00167] Additionally, it is possible to provide both sides of a transparent or at least translucent vehicle 8 with a sawtooth structure that has the multiplicity of microprisms 16, as indicated in figures 28 and
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 51/76
38/43
29. In figure 28 the sawtooth structures 25, 26 on both sides are symmetrical in the mirror. In figure 29, the two sawtooth structures 25 are not of symmetrical configuration in the mirror.
[00168] For computing a sawtooth structure 25 and 27 according to figures 28 and 29 it can be assumed that the sawtooth structure 25, 27 is composed of a prismatic surface 28 with an angle of inclination Op and an auxiliary prism 29 fixed to it with an angle of inclination Oh, as shown schematically in figure 30. Thus, Op + Oh is the total effective prism angle.
[00169] When the inclination angle of the projection to be imitated is designated as Os, the following is maintained as long as the sum of the angle in the triangle is 180 °:
90 ° - β1 + 90 ° - β2 + Op + Oh = 180 °
Op + Oh = β1 + β2, [00170] From the law of refraction sen Op = n sen β1, sen (2 Os + Oh) = n sen β2 results
Op - arcsen ((sen Op) / n) = arcsen ((sen (2 Os + Oh)) / n) - Oh [00171] Thus, the predicted Op slope angle of the prismatic surface can be easily computed from the angle of inclination of the projection Os to be imitated in, for example, a predetermined auxiliary prism inclination angle Oh.
[00172] It should be noted that a perpendicular view was considered in the computations defined for the imitation of a mirror protrusion by prisms. Through tilted visualization, distortions can result, and visualization in white light can result in colored borders on the represented subject, because the refractive index n that enters the computation is dependent on the wavelength.
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 52/76
39/43 [00173] The reflective or refractive security elements shown in figures 1 to 30 can also be embedded within the transparent material or provided with a protective layer.
[00174] An inlay is made in particular in order to protect the micro-optical elements from getting dirty or worn, and in order to prevent unauthorized simulation by taking an impression of the surface structure.
Example: built-in mirrors [00175] By adding or protecting a protective layer, the properties of the micro-optical layer with facets 5 change. In figures 32 a-c, this behavior is illustrated for built-in mirrors (facets 5 are configured as mirrors), so that figure 32a shows the layout before the inlay.
[00176] By embedding the mirrors within a transparent layer 40, the direction in which a mirror image appears to change, as figure 32b shows. If the original reflective effect is now to be achieved on a projection simulated by embedded micro-mirrors 5, this must be taken into account for the angle of inclination of the micro-mirrors, see figure 32c.
Example: built-in prisms [00177] With built-in prisms 16, a difference in the refractive index between the prism material and the inlay material 40 is required and must be taken into account when computing the deflection of the light beam.
[00178] Figure 33b schematically shows the simulation of the reflective arrangement of figure 32a by a transmissive prism arrangement with open prisms 16, as already discussed, for example, for figures 19-27.
[00179] Figure 33b shows schematically a possible simulation of the reflective arrangement of figure 32a by embedded prisms 16, so that the refractive indices of the prism material and the inlay material 40 may differ.
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 53/76
40/43 [00180] Example: Embedded dispersion facets [00181] In the two previous examples, the simulation of the mirror forming objects was demonstrated. For the simulation of dispersion objects (for example, marble, plaster model), dispersion facets can be used, of which here is an example (see figure 34):
[00182] On the sheet 41 as a vehicle material the following construction is carried out: the embossed facets 5 which simulate the object's surface are located on the dark side of the sheet. Facets 5 have dimensions, for example, from 10 pm to 20 pm. A lacquer 42 pigmented with titanium oxide (particle size approximately 1 pm) is applied over facets 5, so that facets 5 are filled with this dispersion material. The display side is indicated by the arrow P2.
Example: Embossed matte gloss facets [00183] As follows, a matte reflection object can be simulated (see figure 35):
[00184] On a sheet 41 as a carrier material, the following construction is performed: the embossed facets 5 which simulate the object's surface are located on the dark side of the sheet. Facets 5 have dimensions, for example, from 10 pm to 20 pm. The embossed layer is provided with a semitransparent mirror coating 43 and a lacquer 42 pigmented with titanium oxide (particle size approximately 1 pm) is applied to it, so that the facets are filled with dispersion material. Upon viewing from the viewing side, the simulated object appears with a dull glow. The display side is indicated by the arrow P2.
Colorful facets:
[00185] For the simulation of colored objects, the facets in figures 32b, 32c, 33b, 34 or 35 can be made with painted material (also painted material differently in several regions).
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 54/76
41/43 [00186] The security element 1 of the invention can be configured as a security thread 19 (Figure 1). In addition, the security element 1 can not only, as described, be formed on a vehicle sheet from which it can be transferred to the value document in the known manner. It is also possible to form security element 1 directly on the document value. It is also possible to make a direct impression with the subsequent embossing of the security element on a polymer substrate, in order to form a security element according to the invention on plastic banknotes, for example. The security element of the invention can be formed on many different substrates. In particular, it can be formed on or on a paper substrate, a paper with synthetic fibers, that is, paper with an x content of polymeric material in the range of 0 <x <100% by weight, a plastic sheet, for example , a sheet of polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polypropylene (PP) or polyamide (PA), or a multilayer composite, in particular a composite of several different sheets (composite and composite) or a paper sheet composite (sheet / paper / sheet or paper / sheet / paper), so the security element can be provided on or on or between each of the layers of such a multilayer composite.
[00187] In figure 31 there is shown schematically an embossing tool 30 with which facets 5 can be embossed inside the vehicle 8 according to figure 5. For this purpose, the embossing tool 30 has an embossing area 31 in which the inverted shape of the surface structure to be embossed is formed.
[00188] A corresponding embossing tool can certainly not only be provided for the mode according to the figure
5. An embossing tool of the same type can also be made available for the other modes described.
List of Reference Signs
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 55/76
42/43
Security feature
Banknote
Area
Pixel
Facets
Line
Surface
Vehicle
Simulated surface
Mirror surface
Height line
Microprism
Safety thread
Elevation
Depression
Lens
Concave portion
Convex portion
Sawtooth structure
Sawtooth structure
Sawtooth structure
Prismatic surface
Auxiliary prism
Embossing tool
Embossing area
Transparent layer
leaf
Pigmented lacquer
Semi-transparent mirror coating
L Incident light
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 56/76
43/43
L1 Incident light
L2 Incident light
P1 Arrow
P2 Arrow

权利要求:
Claims (21)
[1]
1. Security element (1) for security paper, document of value (2) or similar, characterized by the fact that it has:
a vehicle (8) having a surface area (3) which is divided into a multiplicity of pixels (4) comprising, respectively, at least one optically active facet (5), wherein the dimensions of the facets (5) optically active are between 3pm and 300pm, where most pixels (4) have, respectively, several of the optically active facets (5) of identical pixel orientation (4), and the facets (5) are oriented so that the area surface (3) is perceived by an observer as an area that protrudes and / or diminishes in relation to its current spatial shape, whereby oriented facets (5) reflect incident light in such a way, as if it fell on a surface configured or simulated, whereby the reflection generated by the facets (5) of the pixel (4) corresponds to the average reflection of the surface region configured or simulated by the corresponding pixel (4).
[2]
2. Security element (1), according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the orientation of the facets (5) is chosen so that the surface area (3) is perceptible to an observer as a non-flat area .
[3]
Security element (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that the optically active facets (5) are configured as reflective facets (5).
[4]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the optically active facets (5) are configured as transmissible facets (5) with a refractive effect.
[5]
5. Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by the fact that the facets (5) optically
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 58/76
2/4 active are configured so that the pixels (4) have no optically diffractive effect.
[6]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the area of each pixel (4) is smaller than the area of the surface area (3) for at least one order of magnitude.
[7]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the facets (5) are formed on a surface of the vehicle (8).
[8]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the facets (5) are configured as built-in facets (5).
[9]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the facets (5) are configured as flat area elements.
[10]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by the fact that the orientation of the facets (5) is determined by their inclination and / or their azimuth angle.
[11]
11. Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the facets (5) form a periodic or aperiodic railing, and the facet railing period (5) is between 1 pm and 300 pm, preferably between 3 pm and 100 pm, particularly and preferably between 5 pm and 30 pm.
[12]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that a reflective or reflective coating is formed on the facets (5), at least in certain regions.
[13]
13. Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized by the fact that it is formed on the
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 59/76
3/4 facets (5), at least in certain regions, a color changing coating.
[14]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the maximum extension of a pixel (4) is between 5 pm and 5 mm, preferably between 10 pm and 300 pm, particularly and preferably between 20 pm and 100 pm.
[15]
Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized by the fact that the surface area (3) is perceived by an observer as an imaginary area whose reflection behavior or transmission behavior does not it can be produced with a real bulky transmissive or reflective surface, so the surface area (3) is particularly noticeable as a rotating mirror.
[16]
16. Security element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized by the fact that at least one facet (5) has a light diffusing microstructure on its surface, whereby the light diffusing microstructure light is preferably configured so as to effect a dispersion with a preferred direction for the production of a matte structure.
[17]
17. Security element (1) according to any of claims 1 to 16, characterized by the fact that the orientations of several facets (5) are thus changed in relation to the orientations for the production of the projecting and / or low area that the protruding and / or low area is still noticeable, but with a matte-looking surface.
[18]
18. Value document (2), characterized by the fact that it has a security element (1) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17.
[19]
19. Manufacturing method for a security element (1) for security papers, documents of value or similar, characterized by the fact that
Petition 870190106226, of 10/21/2019, p. 60/76
4/4 the surface of a vehicle (8) is modulated in height in a surface area (3) so that the surface area (3) is divided into a multiplicity of pixels (4) respectively having at least one facet ( 5) optically active, where the dimensions of the optically active facets (5) are between 3pm and 300pm, where most pixels (4) respectively have several optically active facets (5) of identical orientation per pixel (4), and the facets (5) are so oriented that the surface area (3) is perceptible to an observer of the security element (1) manufactured as an area that protrudes and / or decreases in relation to its current spatial shape, through which the oriented facets (5) reflect incident light in such a way, as if it fell on a configured or simulated surface, whereby the reflection generated by the pixel facets (5) corresponds to the average reflection of the configured surface region or simulated by the pixel (4) corresponding between.
[20]
20. Embossing tool (30) characterized by the fact that it has an embossing area (31) with which the shape of the facets (5) of a security element (1), as defined in any of the claims 1 to 17, can be embossed inside the vehicle (8).
[21]
21. Use of a security element (1), characterized in that it is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17, as a controller for the display of a volume hologram.

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同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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EP3059093B1|2021-03-31|

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AU2010327031C1|2015-11-12|

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EP2507069A2|2012-10-10|

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US20130093172A1|2013-04-18|

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AU2010327031B2|2014-07-17|

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EP3059093A1|2016-08-24|

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CN102905909A|2013-01-30|

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US9827802B2|2017-11-28|

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RU2012127687A|2014-01-20|

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US20180001690A1|2018-01-04|

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AU2010327031A1|2012-06-21|

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US10525758B2|2020-01-07|

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CN102905909B|2015-03-04|

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EP2507069B1|2018-08-22|

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BR112012013451A2|2018-10-09|

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RU2573346C2|2016-01-20|

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CA2780934C|2019-08-06|

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WO2011066990A3|2011-07-28|

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DE102009056934A1|2011-06-09|

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WO2011066990A2|2011-06-09|

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CA2780934A1|2011-06-09|

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法律状态:
2018-11-06| B25A| Requested transfer of rights approved|Owner name: GIESECKE+DEVRIENT CURRENCY TECHNOLOGY GMBH (DE) |

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2019-01-08| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according art. 34 industrial property law|

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2019-07-23| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: suspension of the patent application procedure|

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2019-12-03| B09A| Decision: intention to grant|

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2019-12-17| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 03/12/2010, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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DE102009056934.0|2009-12-04|

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DE102009056934A|DE102009056934A1|2009-12-04|2009-12-04|Security element, value document with such a security element and manufacturing method of a security element|

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PCT/EP2010/007368|WO2011066990A2|2009-12-04|2010-12-03|Security element, value document comprising such a security element, and method for producing such a security element|

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